Why is Polonius Called the 'Old Man' by Ophelia and Laertes in Shakespeare’s Hamlet?

William Shakespeare's masterwork, Hamlet, is renowned for its rich characters and profound dialogue. Among these, the character of Polonius, the father of Ophelia and Laertes, stands out with his wit, wisdom, and, notably, his age. In the play, characters like Ophelia and Laertes often refer to Polonius as the 'old man.' This term of endearment or reference serves a multifaceted purpose in the narrative. Let's delve into why they address him this way and what it signifies about Polonius's role in the story.

Polonius's Age and Physical Appearance

First and foremost, the age of Polonius is a clear and apparent reason for his character to be referred to as the 'old man.' Shakespeare, a meticulous playwright, was known for portraying his characters with distinct personalities and physical traits. Polonius is no exception. He is a man of ripe age, marked by years of experience and wisdom. This is evident in his advanced years, which is a point of frequent reference throughout the play. His gray hair, crinkled forehead, and sagging posture are visual cues to his age, making it easy for characters and the audience to recognize him as an older person.

Symbolism and Representation

It is also important to explore the symbolic meaning of referring to Polonius as the 'old man.' This designation implies a passing of time and the accumulation of life experiences that Polonius has gone through. In the context of Hamlet, where themes of youth, age, and change are prominent, referring to Polonius in this manner serves to highlight the contrast between the older generation and the younger ones, particularly Hamlet himself. Polonius's status as an elder states a sense of historical continuity within the play, symbolizing the wisdom of the past and the potential lack of such wisdom in the present.

Character Relationship Dynamics

The use of the term 'old man' also reveals the relationship dynamics between Polonius and his children. Ophelia and Laertes, both young, are in a position of respect towards their father, Polonius, and this is reflected in their way of addressing him. When Ophelia and Laertes call Polonius the 'old man,' it is a form of endearment or affection, showcasing the bond between them despite their generational gap. This term serves to soften the authority of Polonius, rendering him more approachable and reassuring.

Theological and Philosophical Implications

The label 'old man' placed on Polonius also carries deeper theological and philosophical meanings. In religious contexts, 'old men,' often patriarchs or elders, have typically been figures of respect and spiritual guidance. In this context, the title of 'old man' given to Polonius by his children reflects a reverence for religious and judicial authority. However, when viewed through the lens of Hamlet's exploration of existential themes, Polonius's designation as 'the old man' can also challenge the audience to question the validity of his counsel and wisdom. The play invites us to ponder whether the accumulation of years equates to the accumulation of true wisdom. Is Polonius's age a facade for inane or flawed beliefs?

Conclusion

The recurring reference to Polonius as the 'old man' is a multifaceted literary device that enriches the narrative of Hamlet. It serves to highlight the physical, symbolic, and interpersonal aspects of his character. Through the use of this designation, Shakespeare effectively captures the essence of Polonius's role in the narrative, emphasizing the contrast between age and youth, wisdom and folly, and respect and rebellion, all integral elements of the play's complex tapestry.