Why is Antonín Dvoák's Ninth Symphony Subtitled 'From the New World'?

Introduction

Antonín Dvoák is considered one of the most influential Czech composers of the 19th century. His Ninth Symphony, subtitled 'From the New World,' remains a cornerstone of classical music. In this article, we explore the reasons behind this subtitle and the unique elements that make this symphony a masterpiece.

Antonín Dvoák's Time in America

During the period from 1892 to 1895, Antonín Dvoák was invited to the United States to serve as the director of the National Conservatory of Music in New York City. This era was marked by a significant interest in American cultural identity and the blending of European traditions with new American influences. While in America, Dvoák composed several of his most celebrated works, including his Ninth Symphony and the so-called American String Quartet and Quintet.

The Subtitle 'From the New World'

The subtitle 'From the New World' was given to Dvoák's Ninth Symphony, reflecting the exotic and unfamiliar aspects of American music and culture that he encountered during his stay in the United States. During his time in America, Dvoák was particularly influenced by several elements:

African American Spirituals

Dvoák was deeply inspired by the African American spirituals he heard during his stay in America. The second theme of the first movement of the Ninth Symphony contains musically recognizable elements from the spiritual 'Swing Low, Sweet Chariot.' This influence underscores Dvoák's belief that the spirituals could form a foundation for distinctly American classical music.

Native American Music

In addition to the African American influence, Dvoák was also influenced by Native American music and culture, although he did not directly visit with Native American communities. Instead, he attended Wild West shows in Iowa, which provided him with an indirect understanding of Native American music. This influence is particularly evident in the ‘Largo’ movement of the symphony, which is said to mirror the romanticized and primitive aspects of the times. Dvoák’s use of the pentatonic scale in his American works is believed to be a reflection of the Native American musical tradition.

European Influences

While the subtitle suggests a distinctly American work, it is important to note that the symphony remains firmly within the European classical tradition. This blend of American and European influences results in a rich and unique musical composition that resonates with audiences to this day.

Reception and Legacy

Upon its premiere, Dvoák's Ninth Symphony was well-received and has since been regarded as one of his most popular and influential works. The symphony's subtitle 'From the New World' reflects the influence of American culture on Dvoák's music, capturing the essence of the cultural exchange and fusion that took place during his time in the United States.

The Impact of the New York Times Review

It is worth noting the negative reception the symphony received from the New York Times at the time of its premiere. Critics were critical of what they saw as Dvoák basing an 'American Symphony' on the so-called inferior music of inferior cultures, specifically African and Native American spirituals. This perspective, however, is now seen as outdated and biased, highlighting the significant contributions of diverse musical traditions to the symphony.

Conclusion

In summary, the subtitle 'From the New World' for Antonín Dvoák's Ninth Symphony is a reflection of the rich and varied influences Dvoák encountered during his time in the United States. By blending African American spirituals, Native American elements, and the established European classical tradition, Dvoák created a symphony that remains a testament to his visionary approach to composition and cultural integration.