Why Pakistan Claims Victory in the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War and Its Underlying Grounds

The 1965 Indo-Pakistani War is a significant event in South Asian history. The conflict, sparked by tension over the disputed territory of Kashmir, has left a lasting impact on both nations. Notably, Pakistan often asserts that it won the war, despite India's more comprehensive narrative. This article delves into the historical context and the basis for Pakistan's claim of victory, examining the events that transpired leading to and during the war.

Historical Context of the 1965 War

Following the Kashmir War of 1948-49, relations between India and Pakistan had been relatively stable until 1962 when India suffered a defeat in the Sino-Indian War. This setback fueled Pakistan's ambitions to regain control over Kashmir. With the death of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister, in September 1964, and the emergence of Lal Bahadur Shastri as the new Indian leader, Pakistan perceived an opportunity to exploit India's internal dynamics. India, under Shastri's leadership and the astute military strategies of commanders like General K.S. Thimayya and Lt. Gen. Harbaksh Singh, prepared for conflict.

Events Leading to the War

1. In 1965, the Pakistani military, under Major General Tikka Khan (later infamous as the 'Butcher of Bangladesh'), launched an operation to capture a Indian post at Sardar post in Kutch. Despite initial success, the Pakistani forces withdrew when the Indian military moved in, fearing a pitched battle.

2. Encouraged by this "success," Field Marshal Ayyub Khan initiated 'Operation Gibraltar' in August 1965, deploying 10 Mujahid columns into Indian Kashmir to provoke an insurgency. However, Kashmiri resistance quickly reported these infiltrators, preventing significant Pakistani gains.

3. To strengthen its position, Pakistan launched 'Operation Grand Slam,' sending a strong division with five brigades into Jammu, Chhamb, and Akhnoor sectors. However, the Indian military, under Lt. Gen. R.S. Dayal's command, intercepted these infiltrators at the Haji Pir pass, marking one of the most daring military operations since World War II.

Conflict and Strategic Moves

4. In September 1965, despite the presence of only one Indian brigade in Jammu, Pakistan's regular troops encountered fierce resistance. The Indian military successfully repelled the Pakistani advance, achieving a stalemate in Kashmir.

5. In response to this stalemate, India decided to cross the International Border, initiating a major offensive in Punjab. This was a first in 1500 years and was made possible by the determination of Prime Minister Shastri and the strategic leadership of commanders like Lt. Gen. P.O. Dunn and Lt. Gen. J.S. Dhillon.

6. The Indian Army's 1 Corps advanced towards Lahore, while 5 Corps moved towards Sialkot. The Pakistani military was compelled to withdraw forces from Kashmir to save Punjab.

7. In significant battles at Asal Uttar and Chawinda, the Pakistani Armoured Divisions were decimated, with over 100 Patton tanks captured by India. The Indian Air Force also inflicted significant damage, and the war saw the rise of iconic Indian fighter pilots like Danzil Kellor and Trevor Kellor.

Post-War Analysis and Claims

India chose not to deploy its Navy, and the conflict was largely confined to land battles. Pakistan, however, faced severe limitations in ammunition, with only enough to last 48 hours after the ceasefire declaration.

Despite Indian dominance, the war concluded with a ceasefire, largely due to international pressure. While India had a clear advantage, it respected the ceasefire and withdrew from Lahore. This outcome is often cited by Pakistani generals and politicians as a victory, leading to 8th September being celebrated as the Victory Day.

However, since then, some educated and logical Pakistanis have begun to question this narrative, acknowledging the strategic weaknesses and the limitations of Pakistan's military efforts.

Conclusion

The 1965 Indo-Pakistani War remains a significant event in the region's history. While Pakistan's claims of victory are understandable, the historical record indicates a more complex and closer-than-expected struggle. Understanding this context is crucial for future diplomatic relations and peace negotiations between India and Pakistan.

By exploring the strategic and tactical moves of both nations, we can gain a clearer understanding of the complexities and challenges faced during this conflict. This analysis serves as a reminder of the importance of accurate historical documentation and the nuances of post-war narratives.