Why Do Militaries Still Operate Legacy Tanks: A Global Perspective

In the ever-evolving landscape of modern warfare, one might wonder why militaries continue to rely on tanks that have been in service for decades. This article explores the reasons behind this phenomenon, using real-world examples and insights from various countries.

The Reliability and Durability of Legacy Tanks

Tanks such as the AMX-13 and PT-76 provide invaluable services that modern tanks struggle to match. Unlike aircraft, tanks can sit quietly and wait for hours or even days, remaining operational even when their power sources run out. These vehicles also offer better concealment and greater stealth, which are crucial for tactical advantages on the battlefield.

Economic Viability of Legacy Tanks

Tanks Are Bloody Expensive!

Modern tanks come with advanced technologies and capabilities that are often more complex and expensive to produce and maintain. The cost of modernization, even for existing tanks, can be prohibitive. For instance, Indonesia operates thousands of AMX-13 and PT-76 tanks, and the upgrade options, such as the PINDAD improved versions with Navistar diesel engines and fire control systems, are cost-prohibitive.

Second-Hand Market Constraints

The current geopolitical landscape, characterized by conflicts in regions like Ukraine and the build-up of military forces in the Far East, has made second-hand tanks a rare commodity. Countries that previously relied on these second-hand tanks now find it difficult to acquire them. This has forced nations like Indonesia to look for alternatives within their limited budget.

Cost-Effectiveness of Legacy Tanks

Take, for example, the "Black Tiger" project, a modern medium tank developed by Indonesia and Turkey. Although technologically advanced, a single tank costs around 7 million USD, making it prohibitively expensive when compared to second-hand Leopard 2 tanks, which were available in previous decades but are now scarce.

Adaptation to Current Military Doctrine

Adaptive Military Doctrine and Operational Needs

Not all militaries have shifted to air and naval support-centric strategies. Some, like Indonesia's Marine Corps, are deeply rooted in traditional doctrine, where landing on enemy shores from ships like LSTs ( Landing Ship, Tank) and LCVPs (Landing Craft, Vehicle Personnel) remains crucial. These operations require reliable, armored vehicles like the PT-76, which have served for over six decades.

Optimizing Existing Equipment

Indonesia has upgraded its PT-76 tanks with Cockerill 90 mm guns, thermal sights, and diesel engines. Despite these upgrades, the PT-76's core design remains unchanged, making it a cost-effective solution for traditional amphibious assault operations. The Marines' reliance on PT-76s highlights the challenge of adapting to modern military strategies without significant financial outlay.

Lack of Suitable Alternatives

Modern tanks like the BMP-3 and BMP-2, while technically advanced, are often unsuitable for amphibious operations. The latter, for instance, is used more for anti-air defense due to its speed and mobility challenges in marine environments. Thus, while newer tanks offer enhanced capabilities, many militaries are constrained by their current doctrines and operational needs, which are optimized for legacy vehicles.

Global Examples of Legacy Tank Operations

Vietnam, Turkey, and Others

Other countries, too, maintain substantial fleets of legacy tanks. Vietnam, for example, still operates T-34s and Su-100s, while Turkey and Korea continue to use Pattons. Even in Pakistan, older tanks like the Type 59 and T-55 remain in active service. These instances underscore the necessities of maintaining legacy fleets due to budget constraints and the need to preserve combat readiness.

Ukraine and Russian Tanks

The ongoing conflicts in Ukraine have highlighted the continued use of legacy tanks. Russia's forces, for instance, still operate T-62s and T-55s in their reserves, reflecting the practical advantages of these reliable and cost-effective machines.

Conclusion

The retention of legacy tanks by many militaries is a multifaceted challenge rooted in reliability, cost-effectiveness, and doctrinal adaptation. While modernization is desirable, the practical and financial realities often necessitate the continued use of well-tested and battle-proven legacy vehicles. As global geopolitical landscapes continue to evolve, the role of legacy tanks may remain a critical component of military operations for years to come.