Why Didn't Celtic Britain Unite Against the Anglo-Saxons?

In the annals of British history, the Anglo-Saxon invasion often overshadows the heroic resistance of Celtic Britain. Despite the invasions, Celtic Britain attempted to unite and defend itself, with notable instances of defensive success and temporary alliances.

The Welsh Resistance

One of the most resolute efforts against the Anglo-Saxons can be seen in Wales. The Welsh weren't passive participants but proactive defenders, repelling every Angles and Saxon attempt to enter their kingdom, which back then included present-day Shropshire. A legendary figure, often inaccurately referred to as King Arthur, became a symbol of Welsh resistance.

History suggests that Arthur wasn't a king but a talented warrior chieftain who led relentless attacks against the Anglo-Saxons. This figure is associated with the former Roman city of Wroxeter, a place of historical significance and tourism.

The name 'Arthur' itself has an interesting etymology. It is believed to be derived from the Welsh word for bear, arth. This connection suggests that Arthur, known for his power and endurance, may have been as physically formidable as the beast he is often compared to. These historical records and the imagery of a powerful bear chieftain make for a compelling narrative of Celtic unity and resistance.

Temporary Alliances and Unity Efforts

Although there were no permanent unifications, there were instances of temporary coalitions formed to address shared threats. For example, Devon and Cornwall formed an alliance with the Danes to repel Saxon invasions. The strategic goal was often more practical than ideological, focusing on survival and mutual defense.

Historical evidence also indicates that other temporary alliances existed, such as Saxon war bands and Picts raiding Romano-Britain together, with the Roman border forces turning a blind eye. These arrangements were seen as pragmatic solutions to the common enemies, even if they created complications in the long term.

Challenges to Unity

Despite efforts to unite, several factors contributed to the disunity among Celtic Britain. A significant population decline after the Roman withdrawal and the effects of a severe plague made cooperation less immediate and challenging. The environmental crisis of a large volcanic eruption, which impaired agriculture for years, further diluted the focus on unifying against the Anglo-Saxons.

This backdrop of internal strife and environmental disaster explains why unification efforts were sporadic and often came too late or too weak to ensure success. Even the Scandinavian presence, while often resisted, sometimes garnered more immediate attention due to their methods, such as a legend that they were successful at finding wives in England by bathing every Saturday. This custom, though amusing, speaks to the practicality of forming unions for mutual benefit.

In conclusion, while Celtic Britain faced numerous challenges and did not achieve a unified defense, their attempts to resist and form temporary alliances highlight their resilience and strategic thinking in the face of Anglo-Saxon invasions.