The Mystery of Nitrate Celluloid Films: What Keeps Them Burning?

From grand epics like Gone with the Wind to timeless classics such as The Wizard of Oz, a significant majority of early cinema films were captured on nitrate celluloid, a material that has long captivated both movie historian enthusiasts and recreational trivia buffs alike. This original film medium played a pivotal role in the art of filmmaking until it was largely phased out in 1951. However, the enduring mystery surrounding these films—specifically the bizarre ability of nitrate film to remain alight even after being drenched in water—continues to intrigue scholars and professionals in the field.

The Advent of Nitrate Celluloid and Its Vagaries

The introduction of nitrate celluloid in early 20th-century cinema transformed the visual storytelling landscape. Unlike modern film, which is made of more stable materials, the original celluloid carries significant risks. Without the stabilizers present in contemporary films, nitrate celluloid has a higher propensity to combust at temperatures around 68°C (154°F). This extreme material reacts in a manner similar to nitroglycerin, which is known for its explosive properties. For instance, a car parked in the sun could have temperatures reaching over 60°C, making the combustion of nitrate celluloid highly likely under such conditions.

Myths and Realities of Nitrate Film Combustion

The unusual property of nitrate celluloid lies in its inherent tendency to create a self-sustained flame, a phenomenon that can lead to seemingly impossible combustion scenarios. When nitrate film combusts, it generates its own oxygen through a highly exothermic reaction. This fire, known as a "fire that cannot be extinguished," can persist even in submerged conditions. Evidence exists of films burning beneath fire blankets and remaining alight even after prolonged water exposure. The most extreme cases involve flames generated beneath the surface of water, leading to dangerous situations in film vaults and projection rooms.

Safety Concerns and Fire Safety Measures

The preservation and display of nitrate film therefore require stringent safety protocols. When nitrate celluloid ignites, the flame produces toxic gases, primarily carbon monoxide and other halides, posing a significant risk to both personnel and the surrounding environment. This risk is compounded in confined spaces such as film vaults and theaters. Traditional fire extinguishing methods like water and fire blankets can exacerbate the situation, leading to increased toxicity. Fire safety measures include containing the flames in fireproof vaults and employing intensive cleanup procedures involving specialized equipment and personal protective gear.

The Silent Film Era and Its Legacy

Ironically, many of the silent films that gain a reputation for their grandeur—such as Metropolis, The Monster, and The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, alongside well-known films from the golden age of Hollywood—were captured on nitrate celluloid. These films, with their vibrant colors and innovative techniques, remain preserved in film archives, contributing to the rich cultural heritage of cinema. The preservation of these films not only ensures the continuity of historical art but also allows contemporary audiences to appreciate early filmmaking techniques and styles. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in restoring and showcasing these historically significant works.

Conclusion: A Dedication to Preservation and Safety

The mystery surrounding nitrate celluloid and its remarkable ability to withstand extreme conditions serves as a testament to the ingenuity and artistry of early filmmakers. As a medium that carries both artistic and historical significance, nitrate film remains a subject of fascination and study. The challenges posed by the material underscore the importance of continued efforts in film preservation, safety, and the ongoing exploration of early cinematic techniques.