Understanding the Scottish Sword: Claymore

When discussing Scottish swords, one term that often comes to mind is claymore. This article aims to explore and clarify what a claymore actually refers to, distinguishing between its historical and modern uses.

What is a Claymore?

A claymore is either the Scottish variant of the late medieval two-handed sword or the Scottish variant of the basket-hilted sword. Despite common misconceptions, the term has evolved to refer to both different and specific types of swords used throughout Scotland's history.

The Two-Handed Sword Claymore

The earlier form of the claymore was the Scottish variant of the great sword or two-handed sword, typical of the late medieval period. This type is notable for being around 1.4 meters long with a straight, double-edged blade slightly over a meter long, and a grip allowing for two-handed use. Its weight was approximately 2.5 kilograms. These swords were widely used across Europe from around 1400 to 1700.

The unique characteristic of the Scottish two-handed claymore was its cross guard, which sloped forward with swellings on the ends, sometimes in a cinquefoil shape. This design not only provided a strong grip but also enhanced its user's ability to defend against opponents with their own weapons.

The Basket-Hilted Sword Claymore

The second form of the claymore, which is also a type of basket-hilted sword, was primarily used by the military in the 18th century. These swords were straight and either double-edged (broadsword) or single-edged (backsword). Over time, single-edged swords became more common, as the benefit of a double-edged blade was diminished with the basket hilt in place.

It's important to note that the term "claymore" might be a later coinage for the later type of sword. Outside of Scotland, the two-handed sword was known as the "great sword," likely leading Scots to use similar terminology in their language (Scottish Gaelic).

Conclusion

The claymore, therefore, can refer to two fundamentally different swords—each with unique characteristics and a rich historical background. Understanding the distinctions between these forms helps to clarify the term's usage, providing insight into the diverse and multifaceted history of Scottish weaponry.

Keywords: Scottish sword, claymore, basket-hilted sword