Introduction to Longbow Arrows

During the medieval period, particularly in England, longbowmen utilized a variety of arrow types designed for specific combat scenarios. These arrows, crafted with precision and purpose, were essential for both survival and victory on the battlefield.

Types of Arrows Employed by Longbowmen

The most common types of arrows used by longbowmen included:

Broadhead Arrows

Broadhead arrows featured wide, sharp tips aimed at maximizing damage to flesh. These arrows were typically used against unarmored or lightly armored targets, making them a critical tool in various combat situations.

Bodkin Points

Bodkin arrows were renowned for their narrow, pointed heads designed to pierce armor effectively. These weapons were highly effective against heavily armored foes, ensuring that longbowmen could neutralize their armored opponents.

Flight Arrows

Longer and lighter than other arrow types, flight arrows were optimized for maximum distance and speed. They were often used in scenarios requiring long-range engagements, allowing longbowmen to maintain a strategic advantage at a distance.

Target Arrows

Target arrows, primarily utilized for practice or competition, were generally less durable than combat arrows. They were designed for precision and accuracy rather than sustained combat.

Arrow Allocation during Campaigns

At the onset of a campaign, longbowmen would carry a specific number of arrows to ensure they were adequately equipped for diverse combat scenarios. Estimates vary, but a common estimate suggests that a longbowman would carry around 24 to 48 arrows.

The breakdown of arrow types and their allocation could vary based on the anticipated conditions of battle:

Broadheads: 12 to 24 arrows were typically carried for their effectiveness against unarmored or lightly armored foes. Bodkin Points: Between 6 to 12 arrows were carried, focusing on their capability to penetrate armor. Flight Arrows: 6 to 12 arrows were often carried if the battle was expected to involve long-range engagements.

In practice, longbowmen would carry a mix of these types to be prepared for different combat situations. The precise number and type could depend on the specific campaign, the nature of the enemy forces, and logistical considerations.

Historical Context and Modern Insights

Historical accounts and archaeological findings provide valuable insights into the use of arrows by longbowmen. However, many of these accounts and findings are often met with scrutiny and debate. For instance, the Mary Rose archery kit from the Tudor era does not offer a definitive picture of medieval arrow usage, as the period and conditions have shifted.

Furthermore, the life span of arrows in storage is limited. Aspen, poplar, and tremula arrows, which were commonly used, usually last less than a decade and about five years within stone walls. During periods of peace, which could last 20 years, arrows may be destroyed and replaced at regular intervals. Given that it takes two years to make an arrow and the uncertainty of when the next war might commence, the arrow supply was often hit or miss.

The rust problem could be mitigated by burying wrought iron heads in oil and sand, which would prevent corrosion. This practice allowed for the preservation of the heads, which would have seen several different shafts over the years.

Key Read: A translation from French, published in 1904, earlier than Roger Asham's works, provides detailed descriptions of the arrows used by longbowmen. This earlier account serves to refute the notion that the French archers were incompetent, as they, like their English counterparts, utilized a variety of arrow types for specific purposes.

Conclusion

Understanding the types of arrows used by longbowmen and their campaign preparations is crucial for comprehending the strategic and tactical components of medieval warfare. The complexities of arrow allocation and the limited supply highlight the importance of logistical planning and adaptability in maintaining the effectiveness of longbowmen on the battlefield.