Understanding Draft Deferments in the Vietnam War Era

During the Vietnam War, the draft deferment system was a fundamental mechanism used to regulate military service among American citizens. This system allowed individuals to be exempt from serving in the military under specific conditions. Here's an in-depth look at the types of deferments, the process, controversies, and changes over time.

Types of Deferments

The deferment system offered several types of exemptions from military service during this period. These deferments were aimed at benefiting individuals who, for various reasons, could be excused from serving:

Educational Deferments

One of the most common types of deferments was the educational deferment. Students enrolled in college or specific educational programs were often granted deferments. This policy allowed many young men to postpone their military service until they completed their studies. This deferment was particularly favorable to those who had the means to attend college, leading to a perception of unequal treatment in some quarters of society.

Occupational Deferments

The occupational deferment was granted to individuals in certain professions deemed essential for the nation's interest. These professions included medical professionals, teachers, and other skilled workers. By allowing these individuals to continue working rather than serving in the military, the government aimed to maintain a strong civilian workforce in critical roles.

Hardship Deferments

Those who could demonstrate that their service in the military would cause undue hardship to their dependents, such as single parents or primary caregivers, could also seek deferments. This type of deferment was intended to support families and ensure that key caretakers were not removed from their roles.

Health Deferments

Military deferments were also available for individuals with physical or mental health issues who could provide medical documentation. This deferment category included a range of conditions from serious illnesses to minor issues that might otherwise prevent someone from serving.

The Process

The Selective Service System, operated by the U.S. government, was responsible for implementing the draft and managing the deferment process. When individuals were drafted, they received a classification based on their eligibility for deferments and other considerations. Applicants who sought deferments had to go through a rigorous process:

Selective Service System

The Selective Service System was the governmental body responsible for administering the draft. When an individual was drafted, they were assigned a classification number, such as 1-A for those available for service, or 2-S for those who were classified as students. This classification system was crucial for determining eligibility for deferments and other exemptions.

Application and Documentation

Individuals seeking deferments had to apply and provide supporting documentation. This process ensured that only those with valid reasons could be granted deferment. The requirements for documentation could be complex and varied depending on the type of deferment requested.

Review and Appeals

Deferment requests were reviewed by the Selective Service System. If a request was denied, applicants had the opportunity to appeal the decision. This process was often contentious, as it directly affected many young men and their families who were deeply involved in the war effort.

Controversies and Changes Over Time

While the deferment system aimed to be equitable, it faced significant criticism and controversy. The perception of inequity in the system was particularly common:

Perceptions of Inequity

Many believed that the deferment system favored those who could afford education or had access to legal and medical resources. This led to the perception that lower-income individuals and minorities were disproportionately affected by the draft. The system was seen as a privilege for those who could afford to avoid service, exacerbating social and economic tensions.

Public Sentiment

As the war progressed, public opposition to the draft and its deferment system intensified. These issues became significant points of contention in American society. Protests and calls for reform were common, driven by the perception of injustice in the system. The turbulent social and political climate of the time often led to unrest and activism centered around the draft and deferment policies.

Changes Over Time

In response to these criticisms and the changing dynamics of the war, the government implemented various policy changes. For example, in the late 1960s, eligibility for student deferments was tightened, and the criteria for hardship and occupational deferments were adjusted. These changes were designed to make the system more equitable and responsive to societal needs.

Conclusion

The draft and deferment system in the Vietnam War era played a crucial role in shaping the course of the conflict and American society. Despite its intended purpose, the system faced significant challenges and controversies. Understanding the complexities and changes in this system can provide valuable insights into the broader social and political context of the time.