The Rise and Fall of the Peshwas and Their Capital, Pune
Introduction
The Peshwas, Mogadala (Purandara) lineage, played a pivotal role in the history of the Maratha Empire in India. This article explores the rise and reign of the Peshwas and details the prominence of their capital, Pune, during this period.
The Origins of the Peshwas
The Peshwas, or Prime Ministers, were initially the representative of Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj, the founder of the Fourth Maratha Confederacy. The title 'Peshwa' was originally a military commander, but with the decline of the power of Maratha emperors, the role evolved into that of the real rulers of the Maratha Empire after the death of Chhatrapati Shahu.
Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj and Early Peshwas
The Maratha Empire was established by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in the 17th century. Upon his death in 1680, his son Shahu ascended the throne. Shahu was adopted by Suryavanshi Gaikwad of Baroda, which helped secure his position. Under his rule, the Maratha Empire reached its zenith. However, the structure of governance was reformed post his death, leading to the rise of the Peshwas.
The Rise of the Peshwas
The Peshwas came to prominence after the death of Chhatrapati Shahu in 1749. Baji Rao I, a capable and ambitious military leader, emerged as the foremost among the Peshwas. He defeated the Mughal and Nizam forces, and secured the kingdom's borders, laying the groundwork for the vast empire that followed.
The Capital of the Peshwas: Pune
The Peshwas made Pune their primary seat of governance. Pune's strategic location, combined with its natural and economic advantages, made it the ideal capital. The Peshwas ranked it as the ‘City of Palaces’, and its architecture reflects this era, with the many magnificent palaces and temples built during this period.
Administrative and Cultural Legacy of the Peshwas
Under the Peshwas' reign, Pune became a major cultural and educational hub. The Peshwas introduced educational reforms and encouraged literature and arts. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's University, also called Fromotgiri, is a landmark of this era, emphasizing the values of the Maratha forefathers.
The Decline of the Peshwas
Despite their early successes, the Peshwas faced mounting challenges from external and internal forces. The decline of the Peshwas began in the late 18th century with the death of Baji Rao II. The British East India Company's growing influence and the internal conflicts within the Maratha confederacy led to a gradual decline.
Final Decline and Legacy
The final years of Peshwa rule were marked by the defeat in the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818, which led to the annexation of their territories and the end of the Maratha Empire. However, the legacy of the Peshwas, particularly in the fields of architecture, culture, and administration in Pune, remains an integral part of Indian history.
Conclusion
The Peshwas and their capital, Pune, played a crucial role in shaping the history of the Maratha Empire. Their strategic vision, administrative prowess, and cultural contributions have left an indelible mark on Indian history, making Pune a treasure trove for historians and tourists alike.