The Greatest Warrior of the Third Battle of Panipat: A Debate Between Strategy and Passion

History is written by the victors, and when we consider the Third Battle of Panipat, the name that comes to mind is that of Ahmed Shah Abdali. However, this question is not as straightforward as it may appear. While Abdali's strategic prowess and military expertise undoubtedly played a significant role in the battle's outcome, one must also consider the passion and commitment of the Maratha warriors who fought and died on the Panipat battlefield.

Introduction

The Third Battle of Panipat, fought on 14 January 1761, was one of the most significant battles in Indian history, with major implications for the region's political and military landscape. While Ahmed Shah Durrani (Ahmed Shah Abdali) led the Afghan invasion and emerged victorious, the Maratha army, although defeated, displayed remarkable valour and dedication. This article delves into the strategic and personal aspects of the battle, weighing the relevance of military strategy and the unwavering passion of the Maratha warriors.

Strategy and Military Expertise: Ahmed Shah Abdali

Starting with the strategic perspective, Ahmed Shah Abdali was indeed an outstanding military figure. His experience in crossing rivers, such as the Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej, and his ability to travel light, contributed significantly to his early success and his decision to attack in the harsh winter. Additionally, his tactical approach and his communication with SujAW ud Daulah, an Afghan prince, before engaging with Sadashiv Rao Bhau, proved to be crucial. This maneuver allowed Abdali to strike at a time when the Maratha army was unprepared, leading to a decisive victory.

The Maratha Warriors: Passion and Dedication

From the passion and dedication aspect, the Maratha warriors exhibit a different kind of valor. The Maratha army, under the pressure of hunger and the distance from their homeland (Pune), showed remarkable resilience. They were committed to fulfilling their promise made in the Ahmednama Treaty of 1752, which obligated the Marathas to defend the Mughal Empire against foreign invasions, primarily from Abdali. This treaty was a significant agreement between the Marathas and Mughals, and it is this commitment that inspired the Maratha warriors to put up a fierce resistance despite their challenges.

Strategically, the Marathas faced a considerable disadvantage. Their extended journey to reach Panipat, which included crossing the Ganga, took almost 35 days. This delay hindered their ability to coordinate with SujAW ud Daulah, leading to a misalignment of forces. Furthermore, the Maratha army's internal differences, along with the allure of managing their vast territories (the Pentarchy), complicate their strategic alignment and unity.

Conclusion: The Greatness in Both Perspectives

The question of the greatest warrior is not merely a battle won or lost on the battlefield. It is a combination of both strategic acumen and the unyielding spirit of those who dedicate themselves to a cause. Ahmed Shah Abdali, with his tactical brilliance and military strategy, remains a symbol of Afghani military prowess in this battle. However, the Maratha warriors, with their unwavering commitment and sacrifice, remind us of the depth of passion and dedication required to defend one's land and honor.

The Third Battle of Panipat is remembered not only for the strategic victories and defeats but also for the individuals who shaped its outcome. It is a testament to the intensity of human will and the complex interplay of strategic and personal dimensions in the course of history.