The Conversion of the Saxons to Christianity: A Gradual Process

When did the Saxons convert to Christianity? This question often piques the curiosity of those interested in the history of England. The answer, as with many historical processes, is complex and multifaceted. This article explores the gradual conversion of the Saxon tribes of Britain from their polytheistic beliefs to Christian faith, primarily through the lens of historical records and archaeological evidence.

Background and Roman Influence

Before the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in Britain, Christianity had already taken root among the Romans. However, the departure of the Romans left behind some vestiges of Christian existence, especially in regions like Wales and the far west of the island. According to Bede, a prominent Anglo-Saxon theologian, in 429 a Christian mission under Saint Germanus came to Britain to combat the Pelagian heresy, which posited that humans could achieve perfection without divine grace. This illustrates the persistence of Christian faith even after the Romans left.

Bede's works, such as 'The History of the English Church and People', offer valuable insights into the period. These early settlers, including the Saxons,Angles, and Jutes, followed a polytheistic belief system centered around deities like Woden and Thunor. Many towns and villages still bear names reflecting this pagan influence, such as 'ea_tiles_weoh' and 'hearh', indicating places of worship.

The Roman Christian Mission and Conversion

The pivotal moment for the conversion of the Saxons occurred in 597 when Pope Gregory the Great sent Saint Augustine to convert King ?thelberht of Kent, and subsequently his kingdom. King ?thelberht granted land for a monastery and allowed missionaries to preach freely. The exact date of ?thelberht's conversion is uncertain, but it is recorded to have taken place before 601. Despite this, Augustine’s mission faced challenges, including the resistance of both British and Irish Christians who had their own traditions independent of Rome.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles mention the meeting of Augustine and the Celtic bishops, where the latter did not accept Augustine's authority. This conflict highlights the struggle between Roman and Celtic Christianity, as well as the broader challenge of converting the pagan Anglo-Saxons.

Persistent Pagan Practices and Syncretism

Even after the arrival of the Christian missionaries, pagan beliefs and practices persisted among the common populace. References to pagan elements are still evident in certain places, such as the Gosforth Cross in St Mary's Church in Gosforth, dating from circa 920-950. This cross has carvings depicting scenes from Anglo-Saxon mythology, indicating the gradual syncretism of paganism and Christianity.

Despite the syncretic influences, the gradual adoption of Christianity was heavily spearheaded by the kings themselves. For instance, Eorcenberht of Kent ordered the destruction of pagan idols upon his conversion in the late 640s. Similarly, the defeat of Penda, the last great pagan warrior-king among the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Winwaed in 655, marked a significant decline in the persistence of pagan beliefs and practices.

The Role of the Church and Kingship

Over time, the Roman Christian Church and Anglo-Saxon kingship became mutually supportive. The Church provided hierarchical leadership and international connections that enhanced the secular rulers' influence. Christianity thus became a unifying force for the expanding Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, leading to the widespread acceptance and integration of Christian practices.

In conclusion, the conversion of the Saxons to Christianity was a gradual and complex process, influenced by both external and internal factors. The exact dates are hard to pinpoint due to the continuity of pagan practices and the gradual nature of conversion. The defeat of Penda in 655 stands out as a significant event, marking the transition from widespread pagan beliefs to the dominance of Roman Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England.

Key Figures: Saint Augustine, ?thelberht of Kent, King Eorcenberht of Kent, Penda of Mercia, Pope Gregory the Great

Key Terms: Anglo-Saxon Paganism, Conversion of Saxons, Christian Mission to England, Syncretism, Roman Christianity, Celtic Christianity