The AK-47: An Analysis of Its Design Origins and Differences from the StG-44

There is a common misconception that the AK-47 was based on the StG-44. However, while they share some external similar features, their internal designs are quite different. This article will explore the actual design origins of the AK-47 and its differences from the StG-44.

Design Origins: The StG-44

The concept for the StG-44, short for Sturmgewehr 44, was based on the earlier MKb42. The StG-44 was designed to meet the goal of creating an assault rifle that could be used in close quarters combat effectively. German engineers were developing a new carbine, chambered for an intermediate cartridge, that could be fed from a detachable box magazine. This was in response to the inefficiency of full-power rifle cartridges in the typical combat range of 300-400 meters.

Theoretical and Tactical Background

The theoretical basis for the StG-44 was to improve combat efficiency by providing each squad with assault rifles instead of using machine guns for supporting fire. German infantry tactics required machine gunners to provide cover fire for advancing troops, but once the troops moved, the machine gunners were left exposed. Equipping riflemen with assault rifles would allow them to move forward without fear of exposure and suppress enemy combatants more effectively.

The AK-47 Design

The AK-47, short for Automat Kalashnikova, Model 1947, was designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov in the Soviet Union. While the AK-47 shares some external similarities with the StG-44, such as the receiver made from stampings, their internal mechanisms are very different. The StG-44 uses a tilting bolt, while the AK-47 uses a rotating bolt, making them operationally very distinctive.

Operational Differences

Mikhail Kalashnikov acknowledged that he derived the gas operating system and the bolt from the M1 Garand, simplifying and improving it. He described the system as being "flipped upside down" and the piston being attached directly to the bolt carrier rather than using a long and complex operating rod. This change in design significantly streamlined the AK-47's mechanism, making it more reliable and easier to maintain in harsh conditions.

Ergonomics and Other Considerations

The AK-47 also differs from the StG-44 in its ergonomics. These differences can be attributed to the various design influences and the operational requirements of the respective countries. The AK-47 was optimized for its prevailing conditions and user needs. For a more in-depth analysis of the specific differences, which include the bolt mechanism and ergonomics, please refer to the attached videos for further details.