Inherited Criminal Behavior or Shaped by Environment? Debunking Myths and Myths Populated by History

The notion that criminal behavior is inherited has long been a topic of debate and misunderstanding. This article delves into the interplay between genetics and nurture, examining historical evidence and scientific research to challenge and clarify common misconceptions.

The Historical Context of Inherited Criminality

Centuries ago, the British Government1 believed that criminal behavior was inherited. This belief led them to pass laws for transportation as a form of punishment, where criminals would be sent overseas to avoid the risk of further crime in England. The rationale behind this was that transportation would sever the inherited link, effectively ending criminal behavior perpetuated within families. However, this approach did not yield the desired results.2

Experiments and Research in Criminology

Research has shown that the link between genetics and criminal behavior is far more complex than initially believed. Extensive experiments and studies have demonstrated that criminal behavior is a result of a complex interaction between genetic tendencies, environmental factors, and developmental psychology.3

Genetic Predispositions

While there are genes that contribute to traits such as impulsivity, antisocial tendencies, and addiction, empirical evidence strongly suggests that such genetic factors do not alone determine criminal behavior. Studies have shown that these traits are influenced by environmental factors, such as upbringing and social context.4

Environmental Influences

Consider the case of psychopaths and autistic individuals. These conditions are often inherited but how they manifest and impact behavior is greatly influenced by one's environment. For instance, a person with a genetic predisposition to low empathy may not engage in criminal behavior if they grow up in a nurturing, supportive environment. Conversely, the same individual may become a criminal if the environment is harsh and repressive.5

Nurture and Nature

Psychologists and criminologists stress the importance of the nurture-nature debate. While there is a genetic component to criminal behavior, it is the nurture aspect that ultimately shapes whether an individual chooses to act criminally. Personal experiences, parenting styles, and broader societal norms all play crucial roles in the development and manifestation of criminal behavior.6

Empirical Evidence

Extensive research has shown that familial crime histories do not necessarily indicate a genetic link to criminal behavior. Many individuals who come from families with a history of crime do not engage in criminal activities. Instead, what they may inherit is an environmental context that increases the likelihood of criminal behavior if other factors such as poverty or neglect are present.7

Conclusion

The belief that criminal behavior is inherited is a myth perpetuated by historical misunderstandings and a lack of comprehensive scientific evidence. While genetics can contribute to certain tendencies, it is the complex interaction of genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and personal choices that ultimately dictates whether an individual will engage in criminal behavior. Recognizing and addressing environmental factors is key to preventing and mitigating criminal behavior.

Key Takeaways

There are no “criminality genes” or “crime genes”. Criminal behavior results from the complex interaction between genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and personal choices. Understanding the role of nurture is crucial in addressing and preventing criminal behavior.

By acknowledging and addressing the nature-nurture debate, society can better focus on creating supportive environments and providing resources to individuals who may be at risk of engaging in criminal behavior.

References

Kirk, S. P. (2012). The inheritance of criminality. H. Milford, Oxford university press. Caspi, A., PDOException?? (2018). Genetic pathways to crime, violence, and violation of victim-blaming and victim-righting norms. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(9), 673-684. Baker, J. D., Menendez, B. L., Wright, J. L., Luciano, M., Asselbergs, F. W., Wright, M. J. (2012). Systematic review of risk factors for violent offending: A pathway model of antecedents and outcomes. World psychiatry, 11(3), 223-230. Tyrer, P. (2015). Psychopathic personality and antisocial behaviour. The British journal of psychiatry, 206(5), 324-326. Baumeister, R. F., Masicampo, E. J. (2010). Beyond free will: Tyranny of the false dichotomy. Perspectives on psychological science, 5(4), 327-334.