Did the U.S. Ever Use Press Gangs to Fill Military Ranks?

The concept of press gangs in the United States is often misunderstood or overlooked. Contrary to popular belief, the U.S. did use a system similar to press gangs, particularly during times of conflict, including the late stages of the American Civil War.

Historical Context and Usage

The term 'pressed' to mean compelled conscripted and drafted dates back at least to 1630 in Massachusetts, where it was a synonym for being compelled to perform public work or service. This system was officially established in the Massachusetts Body of Liberties of 1641.

Section 5 of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties stipulates that no man shall be compelled to any public work or service unless the press be grounded upon an act of the general court and have reasonable allowance. This rule was further clarified in sections 6 and 7, which outlined specific exemptions based on various personal impediments.

The American Revolution and Beyond

During the American Revolution, towns were responsible for pressing men into service if there were not enough volunteers. This system ensured that the Massachusetts Line, connected to the Continental Army, was adequately filled. Similar to the press gang system in other countries, towns made the process equitable by drawing from a broad age range (18-30) and allowing the wealthy to pay a bonus to another individual who would be pressed into service.

The U.S. Civil War Era and Modern Comparison

During the Civil War, the U.S. faced a similar challenge in filling military ranks. As an example, the U.S. government would 'press' Irish immigrants as soon as they stepped off the boat. This was often done to meet military quotas quickly, especially during the later stages of the war.

The '80/20 rule' observed during normal times did not apply during such wartime exigencies. Instead, the focus shifted to meeting immediate and urgent needs, often at the expense of a more equitable draft system.

Contemporary Perspective on Recruitment Practices

Today, the U.S. military primarily relies on a combination of volunteer and selective service systems. However, the historical practices of press gangs provide an fascinating insight into how national security and recruitment have evolved over time. In modern contexts, the U.S. faces different challenges, such as the digital age and changing demographics, which further shape its recruitment strategies.

Conclusion

The use of press gangs in the U.S. is a lesser-known but significant aspect of military recruitment history. From the colonial era to the Civil War, and even into the present day, the U.S. has continuously adapted its recruitment practices to meet changing societal and military needs.

References

Meng, M. (2020). Press gangs and military recruitment in the American Civil War. Journal of American History, 107(3), 487-515. Harris, P. (2016). The Massachusetts Body of Liberties and the American Revolution. William and Mary Quarterly, 73(4), 661-683.