Introduction

The Third Battle of Panipat, fought on January 14, 1761, is a pivotal moment in Indian history. It is often overshadowed by the tales of survival and the legends that have sprouted around its commanders, one of whom is Sadashiv Rao Bhau. While historical records clearly indicate that Sadashiv Rao Bhau did not survive the battle, there have been persistent claims that he lived his life as a monk in Rohtak, Haryana. This article delves into the factual evidence that refutes such claims and highlights the historical significance of this battle.

Historical Context of the Third Battle of Panipat

The Third Battle of Panipat was a decisive conflict between the Maratha Empire and the forces of Ahmed Shah Durrani, the ruler of Afghanistan. The battle marked a turning point in the region's political landscape, leading to a significant decline in Maratha power. Sadashiv Rao Bhau was one of the key military commanders on the Maratha side, known for his valour and tactical acumen.

The Fate of Sadashiv Rao Bhau

Historical records indicate that Sadashiv Rao Bhau was not just a participant but a crucial figure in the battle. While many accounts suggest his demise, the documentary evidence provided by letters of the time serve as a compelling counterargument to the survival legends.

Letter 1: From Raja Anupgir Gosavi to Nanasaheb Peshwa, 21 February 1761

The first letter, written by Raja Anupgir Gosavi to Nanasaheb Peshwa, provides a harrowing description of the aftermath of the battle. In his note, Raja Gosavi mentions that within three days, they had found the body of a slain officer, whose beheading, the presence of pearls, and the specific identifying features mentioned, led to the conclusive identification of Bhau. The letter also describes the prestigious and pious ritual of his cremation using sandalwood, a practice revered in Maratha culture.

Letter 2: From Kashiraj Secretary of Shuja Udaulla to Nana Purandare

The second letter, addressed to Nana Purandare and written by Kashiraj, the Secretary of Shuja Udaulla, further corroborates the historical narrative. This letter, while stating the emotional state of Sadashiv Rao Bhau after the death of Vishwasrao, also confirms that Bhau rushed to the battlefield unaccompanied and perished due to the overwhelming force of Ahmed Shah Durrani's soldiers.

Challenges to Survival Claims

The stories and legends about Sadashiv Rao Bhau's survival in Rohtak, Haryana and his subsequent life as a monk have gained popularity over the years. However, these accounts lack historical credibility and are not supported by any substantial evidence. The detailed documentation of his death and the subsequent rituals clearly indicate his demise in the battle field.

Conclusion

Despite the allure of historical legends and closely held folklore, the evidence points unequivocally to Sadashiv Rao Bhau's tragic end at the Third Battle of Panipat. The carefully documented accounts of the time leave no room for doubt about his fate. His death, marked by the irony of dying bravely on the battlefield despite his efforts to protect the Maratha Empire, remains a poignant testament to the battles and heroes of 18th-century India.