British Military Motorcycles in World War II: A Comprehensive Overview

During World War II, British military motorcycling played a vital role in supporting various military operations. The British motorcycle industry was renowned for its innovation and adaptability, quickly responding to the needs of the army. From iconic brands like BSA, Norton, and Royal Enfield, to Allied motorcycles like Harley-Davidson, this article explores the types and uses of motorcycles that British soldiers relied on during the war.

Commonly Used Models

The British motorcycle industry was a world leader at the time, and it quickly adapted to the demands of the armed forces. Commonly used motorcycling brands during World War II included BSA, Ariel, Matchless, Norton, Royal Enfield, Triumph, and Velocette. These models, once sought-after classics, were essential for various military operations.

BSA M20

The BSA M20, manufactured by the Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) at their factory in Small Heath, Birmingham, was one of the most significant models of the war. Although initially seen as a near-failure, the M20 evolved into one of the most iconic and longest-serving motorcycles in British military history. It was widely used in World War II, with over 126,000 in active service. Many continue to be used today, highlighting the enduring reliability of the design.

Norton 16H

The Norton 16H, a 490cc single-cylinder motorcycle produced between 1911 and 1954, was a mainstay of the British military. Over 100,000 of these bikes were produced for World War II, and British Army Norton motorcycles were supplied to Commonwealth forces like Australia, New Zealand, India, and Canada. Despite its modest performance, the Norton 16H was popular due to its ruggedness and reliability, making it ideal for solo missions and dispatch work. The Royal Air Force even equipped it with a sidecar as standard. The Canadian Army also used the 16H for dispatch and reconnaissance work.

Norton Model 1 (Big 4)

The Norton Model 1, commonly known as the Big 4 or Norton 633, was the largest and most powerful side-valve engine in the model range. With a 633cc displacement, it could haul heavy loads and provide drive to the sidecar wheel. Designed for rough terrain and equipped with a combat-ready sidecar, the Big 4 was used for reconnaissance and carrying ammunition to frontline troops. Approximately 4,700 of the nearly 100,000 military bikes made by Norton during WWII were Big 4 sidecar outfits.

Excelsior Welbike

The Excelsior Welbike was a unique design intended to enhance the mobility of airborne troops. It was small enough to be packed in a container and dropped by parachute, making it ideal for airborne operations. Though initially useful, the Welbike faced challenges due to its small wheels, underpowered engine (98cc), and lack of protective features. It was quickly abandoned by the military but later revived as a portable civilian motorcycle.

Harley-Davidson WLA

The Harley-Davidson WLA, based on the existing civilian WL model, was produced specifically for U.S. Army specifications during and around World War II. Over 88,000 WLA models were produced, with many being shipped to allies under the Lend-Lease program. The U.S. Army used the WLA primarily for messenger duties, military police work, and reconnaissance. Its lights were modified, and it featured special brackets for carrying a submachine gun. Despite being a civilian bike, the WLA was one of the faster motorcycles of the war, capable of speeds up to 65mph.

Conclusion

The range of British and Allied motorcycling brands and designs during World War II underscored the adaptability and innovation of the British military and industry. From the iconic BSA M20 and Norton 16H to the specialized Excelsior Welbike and Harley-Davidson WLA, these motorcycles played a crucial role in supporting operations, communication, and the efficient transport of troops and supplies. Their legacy continues to inspire enthusiasts and history buffs alike.