11th Century CE: The Expulsion of Tamil Cholas from Sri Lanka

The 11th century CE marked an important period in the history of Sri Lanka. During this time, the island saw rulers from various backgrounds coming to power and exerting their influence. One significant event during this era involved the expulsion of the Tamil Chola Empire from Sri Lanka and the subsequent consolidation of Sinhalese rule. This article delves into the historical context, key figures, and the lasting impact of these events.

Historical Background of the 11th Century in Sri Lanka

In the early 11th century, the northern and central parts of the island were under the influence of the Cholae, a powerful Indian kingdom from South India. Meanwhile, the Sinhalese forces had been reclaiming lost lands, strengthening their authority over time. However, the term "capturing Sri Lanka" is an overstatement; the Cholae occupied only part of the island, particularly the northern region, with the Sinhalese retaining strongholds in the south and central parts of the island.

Parakramabahu I: The Key Figure in Expelling the Tamil Cholas

One of the most notable rulers during this period was Parakramabahu I, who reigned from 1153 to 1186. As a nephew of Vijayabahu I, Parakramabahu I unleashed a decisive fight against the Tamil Cholae, forcing them to retreat from the island. His actions were not just a defensive move but also a bold offensive that extended beyond the borders of Sri Lanka to invade parts of South India. Apart from his military prowess, Parakramabahu I also focused on infrastructure, constructing numerous water tanks and investing in the public infrastructure to foster a flourishing capital city.

The Legacy of Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa, the capital city under Parakramabahu I, became a significant center of power and prosperity. It lasted for over two centuries, during which it saw the reign of two more notable rulers, Nissanka Malla from 1187 to 1196. Nissanka Malla was particularly recognized for his benevolent rule, prioritizing the welfare of the people. While Nissanka Malla's reign was marked by continued stability and prosperity, the next rulers were less effective, leading to the eventual decline of the city.

The Decline of Polonnaruwa and the Rise of Other Centers

The decline of Polonnaruwa was a result of several factors, including the decay of the irrigation system, which led to widespread disease and depopulation. The city was eventually abandoned, and the lush jungle reclaimed the area within just a few decades. After Polonnaruwa, the Sinhalese power shifted to the southwest of the island, with several other capitals emerging in the period between 1253 and 1400. None of these new capitals could match the grandeur and power of Anuradhapura or Polonnaruwa.

The Expansion of the Jaffna Kingdom

During the 14th century, a powerful kingdom emerged in the northeast of the island, the Jaffna kingdom. Arab traveler Ibn Batuta visited Sri Lanka in 1344 and reported that the Jaffna kingdom had expanded to cover a vast area, even reaching as far as Puttalam in the south. This expansion demonstrates the dynamic political landscape of the region during the 11th century and the varying alliances and power shifts that characterized the era.

The 11th century CE in Sri Lanka was a pivotal time marked by the expulsion of the Tamil Chola Empire from the island, the rise and fall of Polonnaruwa, and the gradual shift of power to new centers. These events not only shaped the political and social landscape of the region but also contributed to the rich tapestry of Sri Lankan history.